There is an enormous range of nuanced reasons as to why English has become the language of the elite and of governance in India, even putting aside the original Macaulyism. Take Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, for example, where Telugu is the local language: These two states combined have a larger population than France, South Korea and Turkey. [22] Other renowned Urdu poets who wrote sonnets are Akhtar Junagarhi, Akhtar Sheerani, Noon Meem Rashid, Mehr Lal Soni Zia Fatehabadi, Salaam Machhalishahari and Wazir Agha. He also wrote poetry in Telugu language, Persian language and Urdu language. It began with the travelled elite, boomed within the middle class that was hired by multinational companies, and trickled to the vast majority hoping to escape their destitution but unable to afford private English education. Most of the narrative dastans were recorded in the early nineteenth century, representing the inclusion of 'wandering' motifs borrowed from the folklore of the Middle East, central Asia and northern India. Why English has become the language of the elite. Alamgir Hashmi, ed. What is most fascinating in all this is that it is companies like Google, Facebook, Microsoft and Samsung which are reaching out and providing the tools to the people and the state governments to advance the local languages. Afaqui and other writers refused to be identified by any movement and displayed complete independence in using personally developed styles and techniques for writing novels and explored their own philosophy and vision of life. "becomes "आप कैसे हैं?" To be perfectly clear, no reasonable person could advocate that English should not be taught. Encyclopedic dictionary of Urdu literature p.565, The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Five) p.4146, Ilm-o-Irfan Publishers, Urdu Bazaar, Lahore, Pakistan, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Tareekh Zuban Urdu Al Musamma Ba - Urdu-E-Qadeem", "Tareekh Zuban Urdu Yaani - Urdu-E-Qadeem", "Welcome forumpakistan.net - BlueHost.com", https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8182201918, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8126012218, Columbia University: Urdu Language Sources, Maḫzan al-asrār. Use the backspace or click on any words to get more choices on a dropdown menu. It is incomprehensible that the majority of people in India are being oppressed by the mere lack of knowledge of a language. Do let us know your valuable feedback! [21] Azmatullah Khan (1887-1923) is believed to have introduced this format to Urdu poetry. Typing Romanized Hindi Words in above box will be converted into Hindi for e.g, "How are you? Urdu poetry reached its peak in the 19th century. It seems evident that in the case of India and elsewhere, multiple languages ought to be taught and be taught well to allow individuals not only to operate in a globalized world but to also bring together local communities that have been fractured and segregated by the economics of language. The oldest known Urdu dastans are Dastan-i-Amir Hamza, recorded in the early seventeenth century, and the no longer extantBustan-i Khayal (The Garden of Imagination or The Garden of Khayal) by Mir Taqi Khayal (d. 1760). An entirely different approach is seen in the collection of short stories T'abir by Moinuddin Jinabade and Taus Chaman Ka Maina by Nayyer Masood. We will use it in making this typing tool better. While it tends to be dominated by poetry, especially the verse forms of the ghazal غزل and nazm نظم, it has expanded into other styles of writing, including that of the short story, or afsana افسانہ . Amir Khusro exercised great influence on the initial growth of not only Urdu literature, but the language itself (which only truly took shape as distinguished from both Persian and proto-Hindi around the 14th century). His play Aur Kitne Jalyanwala Baugh?? It was assimilated by individual authors. As such, the states in India are generally drawn on linguistic lines with each state having a history of literature, art, dance, politics and value system that is its own; being similar to the European Union in this regard. Find Words All Words 2-Letter Words 3-Letter Words 4-Letter Words 5-Letter Words 6-Letter Words 7-Letter Words 8-Letter Words 9-Letter Words 10-Letter Words 11-Letter Words 12-Letter Words 13-Letter Words 14-Letter Words Classic playwrights include Prof Hasan, Ghulam Jeelani, J. N. Kaushal, Shameem Hanfi and Jameel Shaidayi. It remains that Indians have come to believe that their nation’s prosperity, as well as their own, is wholly dependent upon not just learning English, but exclusively learning it as a first language. Hindi-Urdu's core vocabulary has an Indic base, being derived from Prakrit, which in turn derives from Sanskrit, as well as a substantial amount of loanwords from Persian and Arabic (via Persian). Urdu literature has included the short story form for slightly more than one hundred years. The progressive movement was almost dead and the modernist movement had started running out of ideas. This is the translation of the word "life" to over 100 other languages. Niżāmī raqm-i Muḥammad. Avik Roy, Opinion Editor. He is credited with the systematization of northern Indian classical music, including Hindustani music, and he wrote works both in Persian and Hindavi. Bewildered by the disappointing state of democracy and the transformation of Indian society into a mental desert the central character dies after leaving behind his writings which catch fire. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Writing system The most well-developed form of poetry is the ghazal, known for its quality and quantity within the Urdu tradition. Urdu literature originated some time around the 14th century in present-day North India among the sophisticated gentry of the courts. Urdu literature (Urdu: ادبیات اردو , “Adbiyāt-i Urdū”) is literature in the Urdu language. In the mean time, Indians have private sector ingenuity to thank for the advancement of their languages. The short story tradition continues with younger generation writers like Zahida Hina, Paigham Afaqui, Syed Mohd Ashraf, Salam Bin Razzaq, Naeem Baig, Akhlaq Ahmed Khan and Moinuddin Jinabade.[25]. It is said that the Urdu language acquired the status of a literary language due to his contributions. Dastan plots are based both on folklore and classical literary subjects. The statistics on English speaking ability tends to be unreliable for a host of political reasons, but it is generally accepted that somewhere in the range of 30% are able, to varying degrees, speak English—though only a third have some semblance of reading and writing aptitude. Even the large anthologies do not systematically review an author's work. Users can type a word the way it sounds using Latin characters and Google Input Tools for Windows will convert the word to its native script. One need not mention that universities and even government jobs require fluency in English, as mandated by the ruling elite. Most of them have the names in alphabetical order, but one or two are ordered by historical chronology. He has been associated with many groups including 'Natwa'. His dramatic experiments led to the famous Inder Sabha of Amanat and later this tradition took the shape of Parsi Theatre. won several awards. Mirzā Mughal Ghāfil), and Talism Hoshruba by Muhammad Husain Azad. Norwegian to English Translation provides the most convenient access to online translation service powered by various machine translation engines. Therefore, a person’s socioeconomic status in Indian society is approximately in line with his or her fluency in the language. His notable short stories include "Kafan" and "Poos Ki Raat". English to Italian Translation provides the most convenient access to online translation service powered by various machine translation engines. Agha Hashr Kashmiri is the culmination of this tradition. Urdu literature was generally composed more of poetry than of prose. 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