Write a review. There were, moreover, still formidable internal Iberian problems to be solved. But his own Castilian upbringing and preferences increased the tendency toward transforming the Holy Roman Empire into a Castilian empire. Every other consideration was subordinated to this obligation, even to the point at which the Spanish ambassador in Rome, Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimental, conde-duque de Olivares, intervened in three successive conclaves in order to assure, by a mixture of promises and threats, the election of popes congenial to his master (conclaves in 1590–91 of Urban VII, Gregory XIV, and Innocent IX). Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II de España; Portuguese: Filipe I; Catalan: Felip I) was King of Spain, Naples, Sicily, Portugal, England and Ireland. Philip II 1527–1598 King of Spain. The key to the strategic thinking of Philip II and his successors, however, was always France. Despite the many problems and responsibilities of ruling the Spanish empire, Philip made substantial contributions as a patron of the arts. A member of the Habsburg dynasty, he oversaw an empire that included nations in Europe and colonies in the Americas. Divine Right- a doctrine that the right of rule derives directly from God. But, until 1595, France was paralyzed by a long succession of civil wars. Philip II of Spain ruled the greatest empire the world had ever known. Many historians use both "Habsburg" and "Spanish" when they speak of the empire of Charles V or Philip II. King Philip II had a lot of conflicts while he was in control of Spain, including the Dutch Rebellion and the Spanish Armada. Spanish troops had destroyed the Aztec and Inca empires in … In order to keep up with the demands placed on it by its empire, Spain had to try to upgrade itself into a world power quickly. Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students. Six of the nine viceroys Philip appointed to govern Sicily were Spaniards, as were all those of Naples with the single exception of one, Antoine Cardinal Perrenot de Granvelle, and 10 out of 13 governors of Milan. These were the key figures in Philip II’s empire, and they were backed by the commanders of the Spanish regiments. It was necessary to appoint natives to military commands only in the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands). King Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II) of Spain, also known as Philip the Prudent or Philip II of the House of Habsburg, was unarguably the most important ruler in Spanish history. Philip II of Spain David Kim Philip Cho Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Philip could therefore risk sending his commander Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3er duque de Alba, with his best Spanish and Italian troops to the Netherlands (1567) to settle the problems of that dominion once and for all. Thus, the financial burden of empire fell more and more on Castile, and it was these conditions that did much to determine the course of Spanish history for the next 100 years. Spain had gambled its own prosperity and its American treasure, and with it its own hegemony over the European continent, on a decisive victory over the heretics in western Europe, and it had failed. When Portugal was without an heir, Phillip took the throne. Spanish monks and mystics had given Roman Catholicism a new content, and Spanish theologians and jurists had created the basis of international law. Philip II: the most powerful ruler of his time. Legacy of King Philip II of Spain: King Philip wanted to make the Spanish Empire grow and … In order to keep up with the demands placed on it by its empire, Spain had to try to upgrade itself into a world power quickly. Philip IV (Philip the Fair), 1268–1314, king of France (1285–1314), son and successor of Philip III. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. One way to get everyone on the same page was to force Catholicism. He was also Duke of Milan from 1540. More on This Collection. ! The son of Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and his wife, Infanta Isabella of Portugal, Philip II of Spain was born in 1527. The creation of a Habsburg global monarchy and the restoration of the Catholic Church were the overarching aims that Philip adopted from his father Charles V. Philip continued his father’s policy of hegemony in Spain. King Philip II's Problems Introduction. When Charles abdicated his various lands (1555–56), Philip II (1556–98) succeeded to all his father’s dominions except Germany. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Christian Spain from the Muslim invasion to about 1260, Castilian institutions, society, and culture, Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia, 1276–1479, The “Golden Age” in architecture and painting, The French invasion and the War of Independence, 1808–14, Moderates, progressives, and the generals, The Revolution of 1868 and the Republic of 1873, Primo de Rivera (1923–30) and the Second Republic (1931–36), The administration of Felipe González, 1982–96, Spain at the beginning of the 21st century, Zapatero and a new generation of Socialist leadership, Economic recovery and Catalonian independence, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, duque de Medina-Sidonia, Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimental, conde-duque de Olivares. Philip II was a very big supporter of militant Catholicism in the 16th century. He established his capital at Lisbon, ruling in Portugal as Philip I until his death. He became the head of an empire that was expanded by his son and successor, Alexander the Great. During the short reign of Sebastian’s old uncle, King Henry (1578–80), Philip carefully prepared his ground in Portugal by intrigue and bribery. Wikipedia. In the absence of systematic education and in the face of the hostility of the Christian population, this attempt was also doomed to failure. His empire in Europe, now without the imperial title, was still only a loose union of independent states recognizing the same head. In 1580 Spain signed a truce with the Sublime Porte (Ottoman government). Civilization Spain Bonus El Escorial Agenda Counter Reformer Ability Treasure Fleet Unit Conquistador Philip II is the leader for Spain in Civilization VI. Philip II of Spain has been listed as a level-4 vital article in People. From about 1580 the Spanish government became convinced that the rebellion (1568–1609) and heresy in the Netherlands could not be crushed as long as the rebels received help from England and France. Spain led by Philip II is a custom civilization mod by JFD and Janboruta, with contributions from Regalman, Viregel, and Sukritact. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students. The strategic effects of this great victory were negligible, but its moral effects were immense. The Mediterranean was threatened many times by the Ottoman Empire so Phillip put together a Christian navy to try and stop them. ." King Philip II of Spain, also known as Philip the Prudent, ruled one of the world's largest empires. All important political decisions were thus taken in Madrid, and there the king relied almost entirely on Spaniards for advice. Philip II. However, the date of retrieval is often important. The Portuguese colonial empire joined Spain and was ruled by the same monarch in " personal union ", but Portugal remained a separate state. The policies of his r…, Philip I (Philip the Handsome), 1478–1506, Spanish king of Castile (1506), archduke of Austria, titular duke of Burgundy, son of Holy Roman Emperor M…, Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York, Inc. (New York Philharmonic), Philip of the Blessed Trinity (Esprit Julien), https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/philip-ii-1527-1598-king-spain. Champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation, Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. When Philip inherited the lands given to him by his father, he inherited with it many economic problems. Between 1580 and 1640 when the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal were … 2021 . As a result, military costs continued to grow. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Married Philip II of Spain, her uncle. After Lepanto, however, it became clear that the stalemate in the Mediterranean could not be broken. Six years later the combined Spanish, Venetian, and papal fleets—in alliance the numerical equals of the Turks—virtually annihilated the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Lepanto (1571). Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Philip II ruled Spain at a time when it reached its greatest power. Jan 14, 2016 - Explore Roula Yasin's board "Philip II of Spain", followed by 55080 people on Pinterest. Philip married four times—to Maria of Portugal, Mary I of England, Elizabeth of Valois, and Anna of Austria. preside over the growth of a large empire. This article has been rated as C-Class. In 1571, the pope called on all Catholic princes to come together to fight against rising power of the Ottoman Empire. Jan 29, 2018 Patty rated it did not like it. Although foreign affairs demanded much of his attention, Philip did not neglect governmental matters at home. Archive 1 : Archive 2: Threads older than 90 days may be automatically archived by MiszaBot I: the construction of the Empire. The captain general of Granada, in charge of defense and internal security, was quarreling with the municipal council of Granada and with the audiencia, the supreme court for Andalusia, over precedence, rights of jurisdiction, and the ownership of some pastures. Philip II, king of Spain, was the first sovereign in history to rule a world empire upon which the sun never set.Overseas treasure and trade proved important in his statecraft and wars. It was the king’s most terrible miscalculation, for rebellion now became revolt and involved Spain in the Eighty Years’ War, 500 miles from its own borders (1568–1648). In 1588 he attempted a naval invasion of England, which resulted in the costly defeat of his fleet, the Spanish Armada. Philip II’s last action in the peninsula was against Aragon. But the financial position had deteriorated irretrievably, and Philip’s governments, both in Madrid and in Brussels, had to declare a moratorium on their debts, or rather a forcible lowering of the very high rates of interest on government loans and a rescheduling of the repayments of short-term loans. Encyclopedia.com. : This mod works best with the lastest beta of Gazebo's Community Patch [forums.civfanatics.com]. Alliances (also consider marriages to other members of royal families) Philip II had alliances with Austria, England (under Mary I), Venice, Malta, Mary I. England became an enemy to him as soon as he got control of Portugal and he was rising in terms of Spanish power. When the viceroys and governors were appointed, they were given “secret” instructions—in short, ones not meant for purely propagandistic purposes. Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II «el Prudente»; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 and of Portugal from 1581 (as Philip I, Filipe I).From 1554 he was King of Naples and Sicily as well as Duke of Milan.During his marriage to Queen Mary I (1554–58), he was also King Consort of England and Ireland. When Charles abdicated his various lands (1555–56), Philip II (1556–98) succeeded to all his father’s dominions except Germany. During his reign the Spanish empire attained its greatest power, extent, and influence, though he lost the ‘Invincible Armada’ in the attempted invasion of England (1588). Elizabeth of France was the daughter of Henry II of France … Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was King of Spain [lower-alpha 1] from 1556 to 1598 and of Portugal from 1581 to 1598 (as Philip I, Filipe I).From 1554 he was King of Naples and Sicily as well as Duke of Milan.During his marriage to Queen Mary I (1554–58), he was also King of England and Ireland. By the time Philip died in 1598, the "Spanish Empire" had come to a halt, and the "men of empire", as Thomas calls them, "had mostly become guardians … Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Philip switched his limited resources from the Low Countries to the Mediterranean and back again, unable to achieve a decisive victory in either theatre. The king kept control over his viceroys and governors by weekly, sometimes daily, correspondence, carried by the excellent postal service that the house of Austria had organized in Europe. Philip II as regent over the Spanish Empire. - the answers to estudyassistant.com Pompeo Leoni: King Philip II of Spain, c. 1580 (lower part of bust executed by Balthasar Ferdinand Moll in 1753) Under Philip’s rule Spain enjoyed a golden age. The Moriscos of Granada were then deported in small groups to different parts of Castile and settled in a last attempt to achieve assimilation. In this case the governor-general, who had usually acted as the protector of the Moriscos against exploitation by the Christians, lost. Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was King of Spain (1556–1598), King of Portugal (1580–1598, as Philip I, Portuguese: Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland (during his marriage to Queen Mary I from 1554 to 1558). A nonfiction book, the third in a trilogy about the Spanish Empire. If you can improve it, please do. end taxation in his kingdom. Elizabeth I’s England, the Venetian republic) so it was interesting to read about these events from the Spanish perspective. Philip's cousin, Rudolph, was ruler of Austria-Hungary and Emperor of Germany. It was precipitated by a court intrigue that led to the flight (1590) of the king’s secretary, Antonio Pérez, to Aragon. Philip II of Spain ruled the greatest empire the world had ever known. It took two years of ferocious campaigning, with dreadful atrocities committed by both sides, before the rebellion was put down. During his reign the Spanish Empire attained its greatest power and widest geographical extent but also suffered setbacks in its relations with the Protestant nations of northern Europe. In that year Sultan Süleyman I (the Magnificent) died, and for a time the Turkish danger faded into the background. Philip was a devout Catholic. A great part of the viceroys’ difficulties, however, stemmed from the unreliability of the king himself. Spanish literature and art were only now entering their greatest period. Philip II. It was the first of three such moratoriums in Philip II’s reign—the other two were declared in 1575 and 1596—and it set the tone for the remainder of Habsburg rule in Spain, marked by growing disparity between the monarchy’s imperial policies and the financial resources at its disposal to carry out these policies. However, the Turks’ failure to capture the island from the Hospitallers, who had leased it from Charles V in his capacity as emperor, marked the end of their great offensive. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read World Without End: Spain, Philip II, and the First Global Empire. Shelves: historical-nonfiction, nonfiction, read-in-2018. Philip II ruled Spain at a time when it reached its greatest power.A member of the Habsburg dynasty, he oversaw an empire that included nations in Europe and colonies in the Americas.Although Philip failed to achieve his foreign policy goals in the Netherlands and in England, his patronage* of the arts helped create a golden age in Spain. Shelves: historical-nonfiction, nonfiction, read-in-2018. Answer: 2 question The greatest accomplishment of Philip II of Spain was to invade and occupy England. . Philip II, King of Spain, Council of Trent Document, 1564 (MSS 143) This collection contains official text, in Spanish, of the famous royal cedula by which King Philip II promulgated the Catholic Church's reply to the Protestant revolt from the church. The Spanish Empire generally means Spain's overseas provinces in the Americas, Africa, the Pacific and Europe. "Philip II 1527–1598 King of Spain During his reign the Spanish Empire was severely challenged and its economic, social, and…, PHILIP IV (SPAIN) (1605–1665), king of Spain (1621–1665). Philip II was King of Spain, King of Portugal, King of Naples and Sicily, and during his marriage to Queen Mary I, was King of England and Ireland. In the Spanish viceroyalties of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, and Navarre and in those of Mexico and Peru, none but Spaniards, preferably Castilians, were ever thought of at all, with the exception of one or two Italians. Philip, his father Philip III (1578–1621), and his son Charles II (1661–1700) are sometimes…, PHILIP III (SPAIN) (1578–1621; ruled 1598–1621), king of Spain; ruled Portugal as Philip II. To the Aragonese this meant the defense of their liberties; to Philip it meant open rebellion. Many Spaniards themselves believed this, and, as the war dragged on and the costs mounted, even the faithful Castilian Cortes began to question the king’s policy. 1 History 2 Intro 3 Leader bonus 4 Leader agenda 5 Quotes 6 Trivia 7 Media 8 External links For 48 years, Philip II was king of the massive Spanish Empire, and the most powerful ruler in Europe during the 16th century. Philip II reign began Spain's golden age. Answer: 2 question The greatest accomplishment of Philip II of Spain was to invade and occupy England. . If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. As a result of the marriage politics of the Catholic Monarchs (in Spanish, Reyes Católicos), their Habsburg grandson Charles inherited the Castilian empire in America and the possessions of the Crown of Aragon in the Mediterranean (including all of south Italy), lands in Germany, the Low Countries, Franche-Comté, and Austria (this, along with the rest of the hereditary Habsburg domains, was almost immediately transferred to Ferdinand, the Emperor's brother). Page 1 Page 2. It had brought Christianity to millions overseas—which to most contemporaries, if they thought about it at all, seemed worth the appalling price paid in terms of the lives and freedom of non-European peoples—and Protestantism, though not destroyed, had been contained. Philip II of Spain has inspired artistic and cultural works for over four centuries, as the most powerful ruler in the Europe of his day, and subsequently a central figure in the "Black Legend" of Spanish power. It included the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Naples, the Netherlands, and numerous other territories. Philip, a great traditionalist, was not the man to inspire his different subjects with a new unifying idea, though he improved the central … Elizabeth of France, Married 1559 - 1568. Philip also invited foreign musicians to his court, collected rare books and manuscripts, and financed scientific studies and geographical surveys. Definitions: Absolute Monarch- a ruler who governs alone and is not restrained by laws, a constitution, or custom. The huge costs of running the empire drained the nation's economy throughout Philip's reign. Shortly before his death, Philip II concluded the Treaty of Vervins (1598) with France, which substantially reestablished the position of 1559. Philip II reigned over Macedonia from 359 to 336 B.C. Retrieved April 17, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/philip-ii-1527-1598-king-spain. He was also Duke of Milan. The governors were to represent the king—not the state or the Spanish empire—as if he were present in person; it was stressed that they were not appointed for their own benefit but for that of the community they were sent to govern; they were to watch so that the king’s subjects might sleep in peace and quiet and to dispense equal justice to rich and poor. From 1586 he prepared an invasion of England. The Philippines are named after him. From 1566 to 1585, the Dutch fought a revolt against King Philip II of Spain that eventually resulted in the newly independent nation of the Netherlands. Philip II of Spain-ruler of the most extensive empire the world had ever known-has been viewed in a harsh and negative light since his death in 1598. He then decided that England posed a major threat to his empire. 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