Mary I of England (1516-1558) coined the name “Bloody Mary” due to her aggressive and bloody pursuit of the restoration of Roman Catholicism within the lands she ruled. Catherine claimed that her marriage to Arthur was never consummated and so was not a valid marriage. Mary I was the queen of England from 1553 until her death in 1558. [70] He did not want the crown to go to Mary because he feared she would restore Catholicism and undo his and their father's reforms, and so he planned to exclude her from the line of succession. [39] Although both she and her mother were ill, Mary was refused permission to visit Catherine. Mary I of England Accession. Church of England - Wikipedia After his son Philip married Queen Mary of England, it appeared that France would be completely surrounded by Habsburg domains, but this hope proved unfounded when the marriage produced no children. [172], Both Mary and Philip were descended from John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster, a relationship that was used to portray Philip as an English king. 32–33, Porter, pp. Failed harvests increased public discontent. The eldest daughter of Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) with Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536 CE), Mary overcame the hurdle of a usurper in the form of Lady Jane Grey (1537-1554 CE) before her reign had even begun. Mary was in favour of declaring war, but her councillors opposed it because French trade would be jeopardised, it contravened the foreign war provisions of the marriage treaty, and a bad economic legacy from Edward VI's reign and a series of poor harvests meant England lacked supplies and finances. [5] Henry VIII's cousin, once removed, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, stood sponsor for Mary's confirmation, which was conducted immediately after the baptism. "[95], To elevate his son to Mary's rank, Emperor Charles V ceded to Philip the crown of Naples as well as his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. "[163], Catholic historians, such as John Lingard, thought Mary's policies failed not because they were wrong but because she had too short a reign to establish them and because of natural disasters beyond her control. Mary thus became Queen of Naples and titular Queen of Jerusalem upon marriage. [104] Through May and June, the apparent delay in delivery fed gossip that Mary was not pregnant. Edward VI succeeded his father in 1547 and, swayed by religious fervour and overzealous advisers, made English rather than Latin compulsory for church services. Mary inherited estates in Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, and was granted Hunsdon and Beaulieu as her own. On 1 July 1543, when Mary was six months old, the Treaty of Greenwich was signed, which promised that, at the age of ten, Mary would marry Edward and move to England, where Henry could oversee her upbringing. She was a queen, and by the same title a king also. [139] Another problem was the decline of the Antwerp cloth trade. When in 1554 it became clear that she would marry Philip, a Protestant insurrection broke out under the leadership of Sir Thomas Wyatt. [96] This style, which had been in use since 1554, was replaced when Philip inherited the Spanish Crown in 1556 with "Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both the Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol". [62] Henry returned Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession, through the Act of Succession 1544, placing them after Edward. [6] The following year, Mary became a godmother herself when she was named as one of the sponsors of her cousin Frances Brandon. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mary_i_queen.shtml [105] Susan Clarencieux revealed her doubts to the French ambassador, Antoine de Noailles. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/mary-i-of-england-6456.php [149] She decreed in her will that her husband would be the regent during the minority of their child. [18] By the time Mary was nine years old, it was apparent that Henry and Catherine would have no more children, leaving Henry without a legitimate male heir. [100] In the last week of April 1555, Elizabeth was released from house arrest, and called to court as a witness to the birth, which was expected imminently. Mary I was declared illegitimate by her father, Henry VIII. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 207–208; Waller, p. 65; Whitelock, p. 198, Loades, p. 325; Porter, pp. [128] He was ordained a priest and appointed Archbishop of Canterbury immediately after Cranmer's execution in March 1556.[129][130]. However, Mary received public sympathy and took over the throne. Most of Mary’s money comes from being a queen. 392–395; Whitelock, pp. Queen Mary I, who succeeded him, returned England again to the authority of the papacy, thereby ending the first attempt at an independent Church of England. 355–356; Waller, pp. Mary speedily assembled a force in East Anglia and deposed Jane, who was ultimately beheaded. [131] Their principal towns were respectively named Maryborough (now Portlaoise) and Philipstown (now Daingean). Mary I of England (February 18 1516 – November 17 1558), Queen of England and Ireland, was known as Bloody Mary for her persecution of Protestants. Queen Mary I of England, or Bloody Mary, was a short-lived English Queen from 1553 to 1558 (and lived from 1516 to 1558). Portrait of Mary I of England, signed “HF 1554” (originally “HE”), Society of Antiquaries of London LDSAL 336, oil on oak panel, 1040 x 785mm (41 x 31 inches) by Francis Delaram, published by Compton Holland, engraving, circa 1600-1627 . Many adherents to the Catholic faith, opponents of Dudley's, lived there. Mary’s early years were spent as a diplomatic tool of her father, as she was promised as a wife to several potential allies. [78], One of Mary's first actions as queen was to order the release of the Roman Catholic Duke of Norfolk and Stephen Gardiner from imprisonment in the Tower of London, as well as her kinsman Edward Courtenay. When Mary was in her thirties, she attended a reunion with Edward and Elizabeth for Christmas 1550, where the 13-year-old Edward embarrassed Mary, and reduced both her and himself to tears in front of the court, by publicly reproving her for ignoring his laws regarding worship. At this time, Protestantism had gained ground and proposed Lady Jane Grey, who was Mary’s cousin to take over the throne. She is best known for her vigorous attempt to reverse the English Reformation, which had begun during the reign of her father, Henry VIII. People born on February 18 fall under the Zodiac sign of Aquarius, the Water Bearer. English: Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death. The country, however, considered Mary the rightful ruler, and within some days she made a triumphal entry into London. Popular histories usually refer to their joint reign as that of William and Mary. [137] According to Holinshed's Chronicles, Mary later lamented, "When I am dead and opened, you shall find 'Calais' lying in my heart", although this may be apocryphal. Foxe's book remained popular throughout the following centuries and helped shape enduring perceptions of Mary as a bloodthirsty tyrant. ", Mayer, Thomas F. (1996). [9], Mary was a precocious child. Mary I of England (February 18 1516 – November 17 1558), Queen of England and Ireland, was known as Bloody Mary for her persecution of Protestants. She was a daughter of King Henry VIII. She was inaugurated as Queen of England on November 30, 1553. Mary I of England (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558) was Queen of England and Ireland from 19 July 1553 to 17 November 1558, succeeding Lady Jane Grey and preceding Elizabeth I.Mary was the daughter of King Henry VIII of England and Queen Catherine of Aragon, and she was infamous for her aggressive attempt to reverse her father's English Reformation, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary". (2011). Wyatt, the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane, and her husband Guildford Dudley were executed. [80] Mary was left in a difficult position, as almost all the Privy Counsellors had been implicated in the plot to put Lady Jane on the throne. Born and brought up as a Catholic, she was keen on removing any traces of protestants from the country. Mary was made godmother to her half-brother and acted as chief mourner at the queen's funeral. The rebellion, known as the Pilgrimage of Grace, was ruthlessly suppressed. 202, 227, Porter, pp. [8] Sir John Hussey, later Lord Hussey, was her chamberlain from 1530, and his wife, Lady Anne, daughter of George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent, was one of Mary's attendants. Edward Courtenay and Reginald Pole were both mentioned as prospective suitors, but her cousin Charles V suggested she marry his only son, Prince Philip of Spain. 21–24; Waller, p. 21; Whitelock, p. 23, Loades, p. 77; Porter, p. 92; Whitelock, p. 57, Porter, pp. 195–197, Porter, pp. She was succeeded by Elizabeth. [167] Philip spent most of his time abroad, while his wife remained in England, leaving her depressed at his absence and undermined by their inability to have children. Mary I was the queen of England between 1553 and 1558. Her half-brother died on 6 July; she was proclaimed his successor in London on 19 July; Weir (p. 160) says her regnal years were dated from 24 July, while, Porter, p. 13; Waller, p. 16; Whitelock, p. 7, Porter, p. 13; Waller, p. 17; Whitelock, p. 7, Loades, p. 29; Porter, p. 16; Waller, p. 20; Whitelock, p. 21, Giles Tremlett, "Catherine of Aragon, Henry's Spanish Queen" p. 244, Loades, p. 37; Porter, pp. The daughter of King Henry VIII and the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon, Mary as a child was a pawn in England’s bitter rivalry with more powerful nations, being fruitlessly proposed in marriage to this or that potentate desired as an ally. Mary was now the most important European princess. Mary rode triumphantly into London on 3 August 1553, on a wave of popular support. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. 127–129; Porter, pp. (ed. Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558) was the Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. [112] In the absence of any children, Philip was concerned that one of the next claimants to the English throne after his sister-in-law was the Queen of Scots, who was betrothed to the Dauphin of France. She also had at least two false pregnancies, the last of which, beginning in April 1558, would mask the ultimate cause of her death. When I am dead and opened, you shall find Calais lying in my heart. [147], English coinage was debased under both Henry VIII and Edward VI. Mary was the second daughter and fifth child of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. 34–36; Whitelock, pp. [65], For most of Edward's reign, Mary remained on her own estates and rarely attended court. [81] She appointed Gardiner to the council and made him both Bishop of Winchester and Lord Chancellor, offices he held until his death in November 1555. 160–162; Whitelock, pp. Her younger half-brother Edward VI (son of Henry and Jane Seymour) succeeded their father in 1547. She was the only child of King Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, to survive infancy. Henry separated from Catherine in 1531 and had his marriage to her annulled in 1533. You can help Wikiquote by expanding it . After Anne fell under Henry’s displeasure, he offered to pardon Mary if she would acknowledge him as head of the Church of England and admit the “incestuous illegality” of his marriage to her mother. Mary I was half Spanish through her mother, Catherine of Aragon, and half English through her father, King Henry VIII of England. For example, the Act of Uniformity 1549 prescribed Protestant rites for church services, such as the use of Thomas Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer. Still childless, sick, and grief stricken, she was further depressed by a series of false pregnancies. ", Haigh, pp. July 28, 1540: Mary’s father, 49, proceeds to marry his fifth wife, Catherine Howard,... Other interesting facts about Bloody Mary. Her executions of Protestants led to the posthumous sobriquet "Bloody Mary".. She was the only child of Henry VIII by his first wife Catherine of Aragon to survive to adulthood. By the 17th century, the memory of her religious persecutions had led to the adoption of her sobriquet "Bloody Mary". [106] Mary continued to exhibit signs of pregnancy until July 1555, when her abdomen receded. [160] A historiographical revisionism since the 1980s has improved her reputation among scholars to some degree. [72] Therefore, instead of heading to London from her residence at Hunsdon, Mary fled to East Anglia, where she owned extensive estates and Dudley had ruthlessly put down Kett's Rebellion. [157], Protestant writers at the time, and since, have often condemned Mary's reign. An unpopular, unsuccessful war with France, in which Spain was England’s ally, lost Calais, England’s last toehold in Europe. [123] The burnings proved so unpopular that even Alfonso de Castro, one of Philip's own ecclesiastical staff, condemned them[124] and another adviser, Simon Renard, warned him that such "cruel enforcement" could "cause a revolt". 106, 112; Whitelock, p. 299, Porter, pp. [15] 41–42; Whitelock, pp. Protestant historians have long deplored her reign, emphasizing that in just five years she burned several hundred Protestants at the stake. Philip negotiated an unsteady truce with the French in February 1556. [25] Cardinal Wolsey, Henry's chief adviser, then resumed marriage negotiations with the French, and Henry suggested that Mary marry the Dauphin's father, King Francis I himself, who was eager for an alliance with England. 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