Y National Association for Biomedical Research Paper topics include findings of research chimpanzee autopsy reports, the implications of genetic differences between chimpanzees and humans, and the applicability of using chimpanzees as research models for cancer, hepatitis C, and AIDS. 2015), and animals with genetically encoded calcium indicators that can be used for imaging neural activity in vivo (Park et al. This is a major goal of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and their partners efforts to develop a vaccine with sufficient efficacy, as discussed in the NIH Office of AIDS Research Strategic Plan for fiscal year 2018 (Office of AIDS Research 2017). Fish and Wildlife Service to list captive chimpanzees as endangered along with wild chimpanzees,[39] and lobbying for the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA) that would end invasive research on chimpanzees and retire all federally owned chimpanzees to sanctuary. These new requirements will be challenging for investigators proposing NHP-based research and for peer reviewers, in part because of the expense associated with each animal in an NHP-based study and the potential difficulty of obtaining adequate numbers of females, neonates, or juveniles. 3 0 obj Marr, K.B. The point for the current review is not that problems related to reproducibility of animal studies exist, but that dealing with systemic issues such as sample size and blinding can be a major issue for translational studies using NHPs, as it is for rodents. The winner of the contest, Joseph Greene of Dorchester, Massachusetts, later reached out to lawyer and doctor Philip Peabody, one of the contest judges, with the idea of forming an anti-vivisection society. JE Environmental enrichment is required by the Animal Welfare Act and is essential for maintaining the welfare of NHPs, reducing stress, and maintaining optimal health in these animals. , Zhang XF, Choi SH, Okahara J, Sasaki E, Silva AC. Research Large nonprofit NHP centers in the United States include the seven US National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs, https://www.nprcresearch.org) and other facilities, such as the New Iberia Research Center (http://nirc.louisiana.edu/), The Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research (https://www.mdanderson.org/research/departments-labs-institutes/programs-centers/michale-e-keeling-center-for-comparative-medicine-and-research.html), the Caribbean Primate Research Center (http://cprc.rcm.upr.edu/), and the Wake Forest University Primate Center (http://www.wakehealth.edu/ccmr/). Capaldo and her newly elected board of directors came with extensive animal protection and animal rights experience and have included individuals with medical, veterinary, psychology, mental health, sociology, and legal credentials, such as Sarah Luick, Esq., a founding member of the Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF). 2016; SCHEER, 2017). For example, very shortly after Zika virus was identified as a teratogen in human populations, the demand for female NHPs, such as rhesus macaques, increased. <> In 1871, Professor Henry Ingersoll Bowditch established the first U.S. vivisection lab at Harvard Medical School, inciting concern from Edward Clement, editor-in-chief of the Boston Evening Transcript, which subsequently ran a series of anti-vivisection editorials. Promising approaches for developing immunogens and adjuvants must now be reapplied to NHP models to develop more efficacious vaccines that can then be retested in humans. These studies include the effects of long-term energy restriction in aging NHPs. National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research I dedicate this paper to the memory of Dr. Andrew Lackner: scientist, mentor, and great champion of translational research using NHPs. This type of multi-center approach is often used for clinical studies by the medical community (Llovera and Liesz 2016 and references therein) and by the human genomics community for large-scale investigations of large human disease cohorts, using genome-wide association studies (Manolio 2013, 2017). Betsy Ferguson (Oregon NPRC), Robert Norgren (University of Nebraska Medical Center), Jeffrey Rogers (Baylor College of Medicine), and my former NIH colleagues Drs. Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The ability to transport NHPs by air has changed dramatically in the past several years. $35 annual membership gives you access to CME events. There is a distinct disconnect between the very high level of support of the pubic for medical research aimed at ameliorating disease and the discomfort of many with the animal-based research that is essential for development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines. The Endangered Lab Chimp | Science Ogden This article deals with global trends and guidelines followed by different countries in scientific research. Highly visible organizations, such as the Humane Society of the United States (http://www.humanesociety.org/) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (http://www.neavs.org/), called here, for shorthand, animal rights organizations, actively oppose animal-based research. China has also increased its capacity to perform contract research that can be out-sourced to pharmaceutical companies (Xia and Gautam 2015). The cost of genomic sequencing is, at best, approximately $2000 per animal, not including the significant personnel costs necessary to analyze the data (Bimber et al. 2023 Nonprofit Metrics LLCTerms of Service and Privacy Policy. This paper emphasizes the fact that environmental enrichment is a dynamic process that has evolved over time and will continue to be optimized in the future. These articles are briefly described as follows. , Raveendran M, Harris RA, Fawcett GL, Liu X, White S, Dahdouli M, Rio Deiros D, Below JE, Salerno W, Cos L, Fan G, Ferguson B, Horvath J, Johnson Z, Kanthaswamy S, Kubisch HM, Liu D, Platt M, Smith DG, Sun B, Vallender EJ, Wang F, Wiseman RW, Chen R, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Yu F, Rogers J. Zubari [24], NEAVS' affiliate, the Ethical Science and Education Coalition (ESEC), lobbied and testified before the Massachusetts state legislature in support of a bill that would have given public school students the right to opt out of dissection classes. These conclusions regarding rigor appear mainly to be based on studies using rodents. Similar regulations and mechanisms exist in Europe (for reviews, see Bayne and Morris 2012; Olsson et al. I am a psychologist and President of New England Anti-Vivisection Society. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [50], NEAVS is a founding member of the Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC) and its Leaping Bunny program, which provides consumers with information about certified, cruelty-free companies that do not use animal testing during any product development stage. <>>> Herson, D.W.M. WebThe National Gene Vector Biorepository. Our data and tools help professionals prospect for nonprofits, research opportunities, benchmark their clients, and enrich existing information. , Coleman K, Hobbs TR, Lutz C. Van Rompay Richard Stouffer and Teresa Woodruff review the use of NHPs to study critical issues related to womens reproductive health. The majority of animals used in experiments are purposely bred for research. For the papers in this issue of the journal, translational research is defined broadly to include both efforts aimed at developing or validating NHP models that are directly relevant to studies of human disease as well as the use of NHPs in later stages of translation that help validate drug targets; evaluate the efficacy of therapies, vaccines, or devices; and test toxicity of pharmaceuticals before testing in human clinical trials. These necessary components of NHP-based research usually require housing animals in large centers, each of which can harbor more than 1000 (often 40005000 or more) animals because of the expense and complexity of husbandry. Another example from the field of HIV/AIDS relates to the successful development of antiviral therapy (ART) that has turned HIV infection from one that is invariably fatal to one that can be ameliorated by the use of drugs. A major goal is to develop better drug formulations or new approaches that can sustain viral remission, also called a functional cure without ART, or eradicate virus completely, called a sterilizing or classic cure (NIH Office of AIDS Research 2017). 2016) should increase and contribute to the utility of NHPs for translational research. A feature of NHP research is that the demand for some species waxes and wanes over time, for example for baboons and marmosets. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, 2.6 Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research; 3 Current campaigns. [53], NEAVS policy advocacy includes petitioning the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to require, when existing, validated alternatives in place of animal testing through the Mandatory Alternatives Petition (MAP) Coalition,[54] lobbying for dissection choice,[25] petitioning the U.S. . . John D. Harding, PhD, recently retired after several years of service at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, where he was program officer for grants funding the US National Primate Research Centers. The authors also point out that NHPs are well positioned as models to understand the effects of new drugs of abuse as they are introduced into societies. [42] In 2012, NEAVS and others organizations submitted a rulemaking petition to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) asking for criteria defining when chimpanzees are no longer needed. Believe it or not: How much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets? JD M.J. Osmond, E. Korthals, C.J. They cite approaches to vaccine development that were first tested successfully in NHPs and have now moved to Phase II human clinical trials and also make the point that some vaccine approaches that appeared to be successful in mice, but were not tested in NHPs, failed in humans. "[1], The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) was founded in 1895 in Boston, Massachusetts, in response to the migration of European vivisection practices to the United States. , Thomas DW, Craighead JL, Economides C, Rosenthal J. Hewitt Chimpanzees have also been moved by truck from various centers to the Chimp Haven sanctuary within the United States, as mandated by the NIH (Reardon 2015), following a complex review process that involved, among others, the US National Academy of Medicine and the NIH Council of Councils and Directors Office with input from researchers and stakeholders. 2016), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Chen et al. Optimal health of animals is also a component of experimental reproducibility. 2016, 2017; Cornish et al. Rise for Animals (NEAVS) | Boston, MA | Cause IQ Belmonte Q Vasbinder Biomedical Research
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