The HC that developed in the following period, with horns tapering to points and having several pairs of inward-turned horns one on top of another, is represented until well into the. Why? Yes, Anu did create Enkidu in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Some later Sumerian texts describe Anu as coming from parents Apsu and Nammu. 2112-2004 B.C. Daily: 10.0017.00 (Fridays: 20.30) Articles are in English, French, German and Italian. Moulded plaque, Eshnunna, early 2nd. The horned crown is a symbol of divinity, and the fact that it is four-tiered suggests one of the principal gods of the Mesopotamian pantheon; Inanna was the only goddess that was associated with lions. - opens in a modal which shows a larger image and a caption, https://www.britishmuseumshoponline.org/trade/the-standard-of-ur.html. The owls shown are recognizable, but not sculpted naturalistically: the shape of the beak, the length of the legs, and details of plumage deviate from those of the owls that are indigenous to the region. Compte-rendu de la these de doctorat d'Iris Furlong Divine headdresses of Mesopotamia in the Early Dynastic period (BAR International Series, Oxford, 1987), presentant les resultats de ses recherhces sur la typologie, l'iconographie et la repartition regionale et chronologique des cornes et couronnes a cornes utilisees comme attributs des divinites de la periode du Dynastique Archaique en . An also had a "seat" in the main temple of Babylon [~/images/Babylon.jpg], Esagil, and received offerings at Nippur [~/images/Nippur.jpg], Sippar [~/images/Sippar.jpg] and Kish [~/images/Kish.jpg]. One of the first civilizations to grace the Earth, the Sumerians banded together and settled in ancient southern Mesopotamia (modern day south-central Iraq) around 3500 BC. [44] In a back-to-back article, E. Douglas Van Buren examined examples of Sumerian [sic] art, which had been excavated and provenanced and she presented examples: Ishtar with two lions, the Louvre plaque (AO 6501) of a nude, bird-footed goddess standing on two Ibexes[45] and similar plaques, and even a small haematite owl, although the owl is an isolated piece and not in an iconographical context. The region known by scholars as Mesopotamia covers a vast geographical area, and the evidence used to understand the cultures of that region come from over 4,000 years of human activity (fig. The 1936 London Illustrated News feature had "no doubt of the authenticity" of the object which had "been subjected to exhaustive chemical examination" and showed traces of bitumen "dried out in a way which is only possible in the course of many centuries". An/Anu is sometimes credited with the creation of the universe itself, either alone or with Enlil and Ea. It is emblematic of the horn possessed by Zeus's nurse, the Greek nymph Amalthaea (q.v. Indeed, Collon mentions this raid as possibly being the reason for the damage to the right-hand side of the relief. A comparison of two types of ED divine headdresses (pp. Motifs of horned gods in antiquities are abundant in ancient civilizations, but most motifs of horned gods have been seen in Mesopotamian and Iranian antiquities, especially in the regions of Susa, Shahdad and Kerman. The figures are supernatural but do not represent any of the great gods. Introduction to World Religions: Help and Review, Mesopotamian God Enki: Mythology & Symbols, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, What Is Religion? Its original provenance remains unknown. and eventually became the keeper of the Tablets of Destiny, in which the fate of humankind was recorded. Elamite invaders then toppled the third Dynasty of Ur and the population declined to about 200,000; it had stabilized at that number at the time the relief was made. crown is described as glowing or shining (4). [25] In all instances but one, the frontal view, nudity, wings, and the horned crown are features that occur together; thus, these images are iconographically linked in their representation of a particular goddess. After its possession however, the Crown imbued the wearer with several considerable necromantic powersincluding the unique "Myrkul's Hand" propertybut had a tendency to strongly influence that action of the wearer, changing his or her alignment to neutral evil and gradually making him or her into an undead creature, among other things.A lesser shadowrath was created when the "ray of undeath" power was used upon a target, and a greater shadowrath was created when "Myrkul's Hand" was used. there is no possibility that a modern figure or parts of one might have been added to an antique background; she also reviewed the iconographic links to provenanced pieces. This indicates that there are subtle differences in the way divine kings and deities are represented. And the lamassu and gods wore them on their helms in visual artwork, as well. [24] It appears, though, that the Burney Relief was the product of such a tradition, not its source, since its composition is unique.[6]. Functions 2375-50 BCE) and Sargon I (ca. The Standard of Ur Anu then brings about a change in views for how the gods should behave. Both lions look towards the viewer, and both have their mouths closed. Request Permissions, Published By: GBPress- Gregorian Biblical Press. Inscriptions from third-millennium Laga name An as the father of Gatumdug, Baba and Ningirsu. The breasts are full and high, but without separately modelled nipples. Compared with how important religious practice was in Mesopotamia, and compared to the number of temples that existed, very few cult figures at all have been preserved. It was Anu's authority that granted the kings of Mesopotamia absolute power, and they sought to emulate Anu's traits of leadership. The Sumerians describe him as the embodiment of the sky which can come to Earth in human form. The enclave fell, its inhabitants died, the threat from the phaerimm persisted and the only thing to survive intact was the Crown. In heaven he allots functions to other gods, and can increase their status at will; in the Sumerian poem Inana and Ebih (ETCSL 1.3.2), Inana claims that "An has made me terrifying throughout heaven" (l.66). Explore the gallery using Google Street View and see if you can find the famous Standard of Ur. The beginning of the tablet is missing, but the remainder explains how Anu, Enlil, Enki, and Ninhursag (wife of Enki) created the Sumerians. Anu is a sky deity. The team consists of distinguished Corporate Financial Advisors and Tax Consultants. While the Sumerians called him An, the Akkadians later adopted him as a god in 2735 BCE and called him Anu. Some of these monsters were created to protect the gods and their realms. Mesopotamia | British Museum Overall, the relief is in excellent condition. The figure was initially identified as a depiction of Ishtar (Inanna)[nb 15][2] but almost immediately other arguments were put forward: The identification of the relief as depicting "Lilith" has become a staple of popular writing on that subject. For example, a hymn by, The goddess is depicted standing on mountains. +91-7207507350 British authorities, however, denied him an export licence. The cities of Der, Lagas and Ur also had important temples, shrines or gardens dedicated to Anu. Regardless, this gave him the ability to position himself pretty well in the cosmos. Today, the figure is generally identified as the goddess of love and war ", BM WA 1910-11-12, 4, also at the British Museum, line 295 in "Inanna's descent into the nether world", "(AO 6501) Desse nue aile figurant probablement la grande desse Ishtar", "Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation", Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III, Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa, Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burney_Relief&oldid=1141940511, Ancient Near and Middle East clay objects, Middle Eastern sculptures in the British Museum, Terracotta sculptures in the United Kingdom, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with dead external links from August 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, The hypothesis that this tablet was created for worship makes it unlikely that a demon was depicted. He worked to unite the people of his . 50years later, Thorkild Jacobsen substantially revised this interpretation and identified the figure as Inanna (Akkadian: Ishtar) in an analysis that is primarily based on textual evidence. 2334-2279 BCE) both call themselves his priests. Anu is also the King of Gods, and sometimes attributed with the creation of humans with the assistance of his sons Enlil and/or Enki. [14][nb 12] And Agns Spycket reported on a similar necklace on a fragment found in Isin.[15]. 2112-2095 BCE) built a garden and shrine for him at Ur [~/images/Ur.jpg]. Anu as a god was probably worshipped throughout Mesopotamia by people who spoke the Sumerian language. Anu and Enlil treated Zi-ud-sura kindly (missing segments) , they grant him life like a god, they brought down to him eternal life. This is certainly not due to a lack of artistic skill: the "Ram in a Thicket" shows how elaborate such sculptures could have been, even 600 to 800 years earlier. Concerning the Horned Cap of the Mesopotamian Gods - JSTOR From the second millennium onwards An/Anu is mentioned regularly in literary texts, inscriptions and personal names, although rarely as the central figure he seems to have always been regarded as rather remote from human affairs. Anu is the Mesopotamian god of the sky. A narrative context depicts an event, such as the investment of a king. An important administrative device typical of Mesopotamian society. Below the shin, the figure's legs change into those of a bird. The earliest texts make no reference to An's origins. 1350-1050 BCE) and restored by subsequent rulers including Tiglath-Pileser I. Mesopotamian temples at the time had a rectangular cella often with niches to both sides. Statistical analysis (pp. Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond [41] This interpretation is based on the fact that the wings are not outspread and that the background of the relief was originally painted black. In the beginning it consists of a circlet or a simple cap, onto which a pair of cow's horns is fixed. Even further, the Indus Valley civilization was already past its peak, and in China, the Erlitou culture blossomed. Whenever a deity is depicted alone, a symmetrical composition is more common. The Archive for Oriental Studies publishes essays and reviews in the field of ancient Near Eastern philology (languages: Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Hurrian, Elamish, etc. A comparison of images from 1936 and 2005 shows that some modern damage has been sustained as well: the right hand side of the crown has now lost its top tier, and at the lower left corner a piece of the mountain patterning has chipped off and the owl has lost its right-side toes. Anu had a wife who was the goddess of the earth. [nb 9] Distinctly patterned tufts of hair grow from the lion's ears and on their shoulders, emanating from a central disk-shaped whorl. In one creation myth, Anu's power is passed to Enlil, and then later to Enki's son Marduk. Das Archiv fr Orientforschung verffentlicht Aufstze und Rezensionen auf dem Gebiet der altorientalischen Philologie (Sprachen: Sumerisch, Akkadisch, Hethitisch, Hurritisch, Elamisch u.a. Initially, the lives of humans and animals were comfortable. Both forms of shadowraths were loyal servants to whomever wore the Crown. of the horned crown and its meaning.1 Contents: 1. (PDF) Horned gods in ancient motifs | Elham Talebi - Academia.edu Metropolitan Museum of Art 40.156. 12x18. A creation date at the beginning of the second millennium BCE places the relief into a region and time in which the political situation was unsteady, marked by the waxing and waning influence of the city states of Isin and Larsa, an invasion by the Elamites, and finally the conquest by Hammurabi in the unification of the Babylonian empire in 1762BCE. [46], Her arguments were rebutted in a rejoinder by Collon (2007), noting in particular that the whole relief was created in one unit, i.e. Ancient Mesopotamian Cosmology and Mythology In the second millennium BCE, Anu becomes a regular feature of most Mesopotamian myths, although interestingly, he doesn't do much. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. millennium. Indeed, innovation and deviation from an accepted canon could be considered a cultic offense. Anu does offer immortality to Adapa, however. 4-52, Part I) 3. [1] The relief was first brought to public attention with a full-page reproduction in The Illustrated London News, in 1936. 14. The two lions have a male mane, patterned with dense, short lines; the manes continue beneath the body. Kraeling believes that the figure "is a superhuman being of a lower order"; he does not explain exactly why. Dal 1913 G e B Press pubblica libri e periodici che riflettono la missione affidata al Pontificio Istituto Biblico e alla Pontificia Universit Gregoriana. It is frequently depicted on cylinder seals and steles, where it is always held by a god usually either Shamash, Ishtar, and in later Babylonian images also Marduk and often extended to a king. ", In 2008/9 the relief was included in exhibitions on Babylon at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, the Louvre in Paris, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.[47]. A rebuttal to Albenda by Curtis and Collon (1996) published the scientific analysis; the British Museum was sufficiently convinced of the relief to purchase it in 2003. Horned crown Brill On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He is a wild man whom Gilgamesh defeats and befriends. Anu is also mentioned in the prologue to the Epic of Gilgamesh. A god standing on or seated on a pattern of scales is a typical scenery for the depiction of a theophany. horned crown mesopotamia Kathryn Stevens, 'An/Anu (god)', Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Oracc and the UK Higher Education Academy, 2013 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/an/], http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/an/, ETCSL 2.4.4.5, an unfortunately fragmentary, The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions, The Corpus of Ancient Mesopotamian Scholarship, Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license 3.0. Das Archiv fr Orientforschung verffentlicht Aufstze und Rezensionen auf dem Gebiet der altorientalischen Philologie (Sprachen: Sumerisch, Akkadisch, Hethitisch, Hurritisch, Elamisch u.a. Cornucopia | motif | Britannica Despite Enlil's symbol having been a horned crown, no horns can be seen in this instance although that is likely to be a result of thousands of years of damage . 1). The topic of divine kingship in Mesopotamia, and in the Ur III period (ca. This role is passed down as anutu or "Anu-power". They spread out and developed villages, towns, and eventually the much larger ziggurat urban centers associated with the Sumerians and Akkadians: Ur, Eridu, Uruk and Babylon - ancient city names written of in the Bible. Anu is also called the Sky Father, and the King of the Gods. Sammelwerke und Festschriften werden kurz besprochen. Sammelwerke und Festschriften werden kurz besprochen, This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. This role seems to be able to be passed down. If so, it must be Liltu [] the demon of an evil wind", named ki-sikil-lil-la[nb 16] (literally "wind-maiden" or "phantom-maiden", not "beautiful maiden", as Kraeling asserts). Anu succumbs and provides her the Bull of Heaven. Their noisiness had become irritating. Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses - An/Anu (god) 16x24. Compte-rendu de la these de doctorat d'Iris Furlong Divine headdresses of Mesopotamia in the Early Dynastic period (BAR International Series, Oxford, 1987), presentant les resultats de ses recherhces sur la typologie, l'iconographie et la repartition regionale et chronologique des cornes et couronnes a cornes utilisees comme attributs des divinites de la periode du Dynastique Archaique en Mesopotamie. Functions 1813-1781 BCE) boasts that Anu and Enlil called him to greatness (Grayson 1987: A.0.39.1. Her toes are extended down, without perspective foreshortening; they do not appear to rest upon a ground line and thus give the figure an impression of being dissociated from the background, as if hovering.[5]. Horned Serpent In Mesopotamia And Egypt. Blessing genie, about 716BCE. However, by the mid-third millennium he is definitely attested in the Fara god-list, and in the name of the 27th-century king of Ur, Mesanepada ("Young man, chosen by An"), who also dedicated a bead "to the god An, his lord" (Frayne 2008: E1.13.5.1). First print edition: 9789004122598, 20110510. In later texts the crown of the Moon-god is compared to the moon (J7). Since 1913 G and B has been publishing books and periodicals that reflect the mission entrusted to the Pontifical Biblical Institute and the Pontifical Gregorian University. cornucopia, also called Horn Of Plenty, decorative motif, dating from ancient Greece, that symbolizes abundance. The relief is displayed in the British Museum in London, which has dated it between 1800 and 1750BCE. Anu was the supreme head of the gods, the progenitor of divine power and lived in a special palace high above the rest. All rights reserved. The first appearances of Anu in Mesopotamian writing dates back to the third millennium BCE, which is also roughly when the temple at Uruk was built. The Sumerian creation myth is fragmented, and not much remains regarding the original legends of Anu. The period covered covers the 4th to 1st millennium BC. The order for the deluge to proceed is announced by Anu and Enlil. Size: 12x18 . Marduk and Enki then set out to create humans. Anu was a god of creation and supreme power, as well as the living essence of the sky and heavens. 105-160) (comprising tables showing regional and chronological Portions of the tablet are missing, but it is learned that the gods decide not to save the humans from a deluge; however, Enki did warn a king named Zi-ud-sura (who may be instructed to build ark). Anu does not make Gilgamesh a god. Alabaster. However, the Museum declined to purchase it in 1935, whereupon the plaque passed to the London antique dealer Sidney Burney; it subsequently became known as the "Burney Relief". Louvre AO19865. Die Optionen unten ermglichen Ihnen den Export the current entry in eine einfache Textdatei oder Ihren Zitierungsmanager. The other one is the top part of the Code of Hammurabi, which was actually discovered in Elamite Susa, where it had been brought as booty. The Sumerians lived in early southern Mesopotamia, and later the Akkadian empire dominated throughout northern Mesopotamia. As such an important figure, it's not surprising that Anu was worshiped across Mesopotamia. Another important centre for his cult was Der [~/images/Der.jpg], which, like Uruk, held the title "city of Anu". [17] A well-developed infrastructure and complex division of labour is required to sustain cities of that size. "[33] The earlier translation implies an association of the demon Lilith with a shrieking owl and at the same time asserts her god-like nature; the modern translation supports neither of these attributes. Sacral text was usually written in, Lowell K. Handy article Lilith Anchor Bible Dictionary, Bible Review Vol 17 Biblical Archaeology Society - 2001 "LILITH? Ancient South Arabia was centred on what is now modern Yemen but included parts of Saudi Arabia and southern Oman. Anu and Ki gave birth to the Anunnaki, which was the group of gods to the Mesopotamians. Forschungsgegenstand sind Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarlnder (Nordsyrien, Anatolien, Elam) d.h. Landschaften, in denen zu bestimmten Zeiten Keilschrift geschrieben wurde, und sekundr auch weiter entlegene Randzonen (gypten). Symmetric compositions are common in Mesopotamian art when the context is not narrative. Temples and shrines to An/Anu existed in various cities throughout Mesopotamian history. ), which could be filled with whatever the owner wished. This fragment of cuneiform recounts a portion of the flood story. Egyptian goddess Hathor is also commonly depicted as a cow goddess with head horns in which is set a sun disk with Uraeus. From the third millennium onwards he was worshipped, with some interruptions, together with Inana/Itar at the -an-na temple in Uruk [~/images/Uruk.jpg], and in the Achaemenid and Seleucid periods at the new Re temple with Antu. He was also associated with the form of a bull (sometimes he was the bull and sometimes it was his companion), and was frequently symbolized by a horned crown. However modern translations have instead: "In its trunk, the phantom maid built herself a dwelling, the maid who laughs with a joyful heart. Anu is also sometimes said to have been responsible for the creation of the universe and man, with the assistance on Enlil and Enki. In the beginning it consists of a circlet or a simple cap, onto which a pair of cow's horns is fixed. Later he is regarded as the son of Anar and Kiar, as in the first millennium creation epic Enma eli (Tablet I, 11-14). In the beginning it consists of a circlet or a simple cap, onto which a pair of cow's horns is fixed. Orientalia Ningishzida, a Mesopotamian deity of vegetation and the underworld, as well as the most likely son of goddess Ereshkigal, is sometimes depicted as a serpent with horns. Life in the Babylonian Empire Babylonia thrived under Hammurabi. The stylized treatment of her hair could represent a ceremonial wig. The 10 Most Important Sumerian Gods | History Cooperative Jahrtausend v. Chr. Apart from its distinctive iconography, the piece is noted for its high relief and relatively large size making it a very rare survival from the period. Wood, gold leaf, lapis lazuli and shell. However, Anu is also responsible for creating monsters and demons on Earth, which are used to punish humans in myths and legends. A year later Frankfort (1937) acknowledged Van Buren's examples, added some of his own and concluded "that the relief is genuine". the plaque, According to the British Museum, this figure of which only the upper part is preserved presumably represents the sun-god. [citationneeded], As of the Year of the Tankard, 1370 DR, the Crown of Horns was in the possession of a yuan-ti pureblood Horned Harbinger named Nhyris D'Hothek,[7] who disappeared from his haunts in Skullport after the Crown transformed him into a lich. $5.99 $ 5. Listen on the Audio app, available on theApp StoreandGoogle Play. Name and character [ edit] See full opening hours. I am Renata Convida. At Assur [~/images/Assur.jpg] a double temple for Anu and Adad, -me-lm-an-na, was built during the Middle Assyrian period (ca. [26] The bird's feet have not always been well preserved, but there are no counter-examples of a nude, winged goddess with human feet. In at least one story, Anu creates the Sebettu demons so that the war-god Erra can kill the humans. Heaven talked with Earth; Earth talked with Heaven. In most religions, there's a single deity that has power over all the others. [5] A spur-like protrusion, fold, or tuft extends from her calves just below the knee, which Collon interprets as dewclaws. But this particular depiction of a goddess represents a specific motif: a nude goddess with wings and bird's feet. There are no certain anthropomorphic representations of An/Anu. Anu was associated with Mesopotamian kings and kingly power, and was widely worshiped in the city of Uruk. If this were the correct identification, it would make the relief (and by implication the smaller plaques of nude, winged goddesses) the only known figurative representations of Ereshkigal. Adapa is the king of Eridu. ", This myth, also called the "Myth of Cattle and Grain," is a Sumerian creation myth written on clay tablets which date to somewhere within the 3rd millennium BC (or 3000 to 2001 BC). British Museum ME 135680, Kassite period (between c. 1531BCE to c. 1155BCE), Old-Babylonian plaque showing the goddess Ishtar, from Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq, on display in the Pergamon Museum, Goddess Ishtar stands on a lion and holds a bow, god Shamash symbol at the upper right corner, from Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq, Mesopotamian religion recognizes literally thousands of deities, and distinct iconographies have been identified for about a dozen. In Laga [~/images/Lagash.jpg] a temple to An was established by Gudea (ca. [nb 2] The pubic triangle and the areola appear accentuated with red pigment but were not separately painted black. 8x12. 96-104) 5. The lower register of the right wing breaks the white-red-black pattern of the other three registers with a white-black-red-black-white sequence. However, during the fifth century BCE Anu's cult enjoyed a revival at Uruk, and ritual texts describing the involvement of his statue in the local akitu festival survive from the Seleucid period (e.g., TCL 6, 39; TCL 6, 40; BRM 4, 07). Gods and Goddesses - Mesopotamia Im Rezensionsteil liegt das Schwergewicht auf Monographien. Please enable JavaScript in your web browser to get the best experience. VisitAccessibilityat the Museumfor more information. The Mesopotamians (~3000 - 1100 BC) are the earliest known civilizations that had pantheons, or sets of gods. The motif originated as a curved goat's horn filled to overflowing with fruit and grain. Alla (Mesopotamian god) - Wikipedia A four-monthly periodical devoted to the scientific study of the Ancient Near East. This story is included in the prologue of the Epic of Gilgamesh. [3] The composition as a whole is unique among works of art from Mesopotamia, even though many elements have interesting counterparts in other images from that time. Male and female gods alike wear it. With this distinguished role, Anu held the venerated position of being head of the Anunnaki, or the pantheon of gods. In Mesopotamian iconography the horned crown and the flounced robe are both attributes of divinity, but divine kings can only be depicted as wearing either one, never both together (Boehmer 1957-1971). Religion in Mesopotamia was a highly localized . Hammurabi before the sun-god Shamash. Relief from the palace of Sargon II. Shadelorn was working on a project to succeed where Ioulaum had failed in creating an improved mythallar. A hoop crown (German: Bgelkrone or Spangenkrone, Latin: faislum), arched crown, or closed crown, is a crown consisting of a "band around the temples and one or two bands over the head". Marduk defeats a chosen champion of Tiamat, and then kills Tiamat herself. In those times the grain goddess did not make barley or flax grow: It was Anu who brought them down from the interior of heaven.". Sumer, known as the "land of the kings", was founded in southern Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) between 4500 and 4000 BCE. Zi-ud-sura the king prostrated himself before Anu and Enlil. Note the four-tiered, horned headdress, the rod-and-ring symbol and the mountain-range pattern beneath Shamash' feet. Her full lips are slightly upturned at the corners. Anu is mentioned here: "On the hill of Heaven-and-Earth, when Anu had created the Anuna gods there was no grain, no weaving, no sheep, no goat, no cloth; even the names of these things were unknown to the Anuna and the great gods ", Another clay tablet from similar time periods mentions Anu as being responsible for bringing grain out of heaven: "Men used to eat grass with their mouths like sheep. Still, he was first in a long line of supreme deities. From building projects to military campaigns, learn about Nineveh the capital of the Assyrian empire. Along with creating the other gods, Anu was sometimes also credited with the creation of the entire universe. The headdress has some damage to its front and right hand side, but the overall shape can be inferred from symmetry. Some objects in this collection feature onthe British Sign Language multimedia guide. The images below show earlier, contemporary, and somewhat later examples of woman and goddess depictions. [20] According to Jacobsen: In contrast, the British Museum does acknowledge the possibility that the relief depicts either Lilith or Ishtar, but prefers a third identification: Ishtar's antagonist and sister Ereshkigal, the goddess of the underworld.
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