In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Xiong et al. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Brain Res. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health - PubMed In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Am J Epidemiol. 2 Researchers have been working. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? PubMed [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. 2012;112:1715. Bioelectromagnetics. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. 2010;28:445. Othman et al. 2006;5:389. Neuroscience. J Natl Cancer Inst. Neurosci Lett. Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus 2010;3:4650. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Dasdag et al. PPT Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. eliminating microwave and RF sources. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. 2001;93:2037. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. Gold PE. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. 2012;62:22336. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. 2011;35:36978. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. 2003;11:346. Neuroreport. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;210:63544. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. 2008;22:9927. Sareesh et al. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Microwave Hazards | PDF | Microwave | Electromagnetic Radiation - Scribd Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. . Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Wang et al. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. J Pharm Sci. Biol Chem. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. 2006;165:63644. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. 1994;10:13548. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. 2015;51:15865. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. P Nat Acad. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. 2012;31:6774. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. 2004;2004:19. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. PubMed Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. daily life. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Rev Environ Health. Chin J Indus Hyg. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. 2017;52:23947. Int J Radiat Biol. PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects Google Scholar. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. CAS Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Wang et al. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. 2000;284:30017. Privacy Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. 2012;21:6209. Cosquer et al. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? J Neuro-Oncol. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. Qutob et al. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. California Privacy Statement, The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Bioelectromagnetics. Qiao et al. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Kwon et al. PDF Interactions of Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Tissue - EMR Aware 2006;27:11926. Xu et al. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Yale J Biol Med. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. CAS Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. 2007;34:146779. 2006;27:16471. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Overview | Occupational Safety Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Bioelectromagnetics. Motawi et al. PubMed Central Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Microwave Radiations and Its Effects on Human Health-A Review Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. 2008;49:16370. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. Acta Neurol Belg. statement and In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. J Mol Neurosci. Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Google Scholar. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. 2015;36:4804. Nat Med. PubMed Central Ann N Y Acad Sci. Fragopoulou et al. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Here's What Would Happen If Your Body Was Microwaved - Grunge.com Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. 2010;2010. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. 2005;360:6577. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. 2009;158:12639. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Int J Radiat Biol. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. 2014;90:2935. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. 1984;11:4760. PDF Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health - IntechOpen The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. 2006;12:44651. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. PubMed In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. 2004;996:8996. Singh et al. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings - SlideShare Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Zhao et al. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. 2012;3:3440. 1975;148:1723. PubMed It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Verma et al. Behav Brain Res. 2013;5:5500110. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. 2016;74:99107. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. 2001;12:72931. 1999;75:44756. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. 2014;70:84555. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Koch C, Zador A. 2010;1347:17985. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. Zhang et al. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. radiations. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 1988;9:33745. 2012;35:32534. Article Springer Nature. as it have a harmful side. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. Specifically, the Federal Communications . B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. 2007;28:187380. Google Scholar. Google Scholar. The role of microRNAs in cancer. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. 2017;326:291. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Cassel et al. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Iran J Public Health. 2004;155:3743. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field.
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