Last Names Starting with 'E' Jump directly to your surname. In New Orleans, Creoles have tended to remain strongly affiliated with neighborhoods such as the Treme area near the French Quarter as well as in the Gentilly area. Like "Cajun," the term "Creole" is a popular name used to describe cultures in the southern Louisiana area. Additionally, there were these first names often used as surnames: Meaning. Zydeco, a derivative of Cajun music, purportedly hails from L-l, a genre of music now defunct, and old south Louisiana jurs. ole | \ kr-l \ Definition of Creole (Entry 2 of 2) 1 : a person of European descent born especially in the West Indies or Spanish America. They pressured the United States' first governor of the Louisiana Territory, W.C.C. As Black Creoles gauge their relations to African-Americans, Cajuns, and other Whites (Italian, German, Irish, Isleno, French) among the major ethnic groups in the region, they make multiple group associations and show singular group pride in their diverse heritage. This multi-class state of affairs converted many minds to the abolition of slavery. Read More 5 Best Chicago Neighborhoods for Black Singles, Young Professionals, & Families IllinoisContinue, Thinking of moving to the big city? Popular Black baby names are rich in meaning and often derive from Arabic and African languages. His son, John Dimitry, fought with the Confederate Louisiana Native Guards to defend the Creole State. Later European immigrants included Irish, Germans, and Italians. What we're asking is, "How is your mother and them?". In the French colony of Louisiana, it originally referred to European descendants born in the colony. Just think of how large the continent is! The area that today is Senegal once was part of the West African Empire of Mali, Ghana, and Tekru, PRONUNCIATION: gab-uh-NEEZ They were often housed in barns and performed hard labor. [citation needed]. When women do work outside the home, roles as teachers, nurses, and professional support services dominate. In the 19th century, the Italians added garlic. Creoles of French descent, including those of Qubcois or Acadian lineage, have historically comprised the majority of white-identified Creoles in Louisiana. Traditional healers in rural Black Creole and Cajun communities are called traiteurs. Andre Lalande; Patrice Louviere; Cesaire Lavache; Abelard Dupuis; Some families appear to have African-rooted nicknames such as Nene, Soso, or Guinee. While the American Civil War promised rights and opportunities for slaves, many Creoles of color who had long been free before the war worried about losing their identity and position. Individuals and groups of individuals through innovation, adaptation, and contact continually enrich the French language spoken in Louisiana, seasoning it with linguistic features that can sometimes only be found in Louisiana. "Spirit Guides and Possession in the New Orleans Black Spiritual Churches." Among upper-caste Creole families, a marriage into a similar status family or with a White may be regarded as successful. American authorities initially forbade access of slaves into Louisiana. The parish's namesake of "Evangeline" is a reflection of the affection the parish's founder, Paulin Fontenot had for Henry Wadsworth's famous poem of the same name, and not an indication of the parish's ethnic origin. Creole migrants from New Orleans and various ethnic groups including Africans, Spanish, Frenchmen, and Native Americans inhabited this region and mixed together in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Indeed, more than half of the refugee population of Saint-Domingue settled in Louisiana. Evangeline Parish's French-speaking Senator, Eric LaFleur sponsored SR No. These cultural differences from the Anglo South were expressed in laws (such as Le Doce Noir and Las Siete Partidas in Louisiana and the Caribbean) that governed relations to slaves and their rights and restrictions and provided for manumission in a variety of circumstances. Creole and Cajun language use do not correlate to ethnicity on an exact basis. There are slightly more Browns and Jones with 1.43 million people. Instead, major parades originate in the Uptown and Mid-City districts and follow a route along St. Charles Avenue and Canal Street, on the upriver side of the French Quarter. The colonists turned to sub-Saharan African slaves to make their investments in Louisiana profitable. Many of these names have become popular through African-American celebrities and icons - including Aaliyah, Laila Ali, Jada Pinkett Smith, Jordan Peele . Is New Orleans French or Spanish? RELIGION: Vodou; Roman Catholicism; Protestantism Your email address will not be published. Indeed, Creoles of color had been members of the militia for decades under both French and Spanish control of the colony of Louisiana. Black (English origin) means 'dark.' Jacob Black is a fictional character in 'The Twilight Saga.' 15. 11. In New Orleans, jazz has long been created and played by Creoles from Sidney Bechet to Jelly Roll Morton and the Marsalis family. Louisiana authors, Creole food, and cultural events featuring scholarly lectures and historical information along with fun for families with free admission, and vendor booths are also a feature of this very interesting festival which unites all French Creoles who share this common culture and heritage. The term Creole can refer to a person born in the West Indies or Spanish America but of European, usually Spanish, ancestry. Although Houston has a Creole-influenced Black neighborhood, in West Coast cities people are affiliated through networks maintained in Catholic churches, schools, and dance halls. The "brown" version is associated with Cajun cooking and does not include tomatoes. Both meat and seafood versions also include the "Holy Trinity" and are served like stew over rice. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. In rural plantation areas and some New Orleans Neighborhoods, Creole houses are a regionally distinctive form. This late-1850s photograph by Jay Dearborn Edwards shows Canal Street, the rough dividing line between New Orleans's American and Creole communities. This old French surname has Germanic origin, and means 'noble'. Cajun Names; Cajun Last Names; Cajun Female Names; Cajun French Last Names; Cajun Male Names; Cajun First Names; Funny Cajun Names; Cajun Names For Dogs; Cajun Pet Names; More Cajun Names; Conclusion; Cajun Names. In addition, French authorities deported some female criminals to the colony. without reference to race), and some English-language organizations like the Historic New Orleans Collection have published articles questioning the racialized Cajun-Creole dichotomy of the mid-twentieth century. The Creoles of color often married among themselves to maintain their class and social culture.[5]. Orientation Because of isolation, the language in the colony developed differently from that in France. Southern Louisiana has the largest per capita Black Catholic population in the country. Cheronobog (Slavic origin) means 'Black God,' after the Slavic deity of evil, darkness, and gloom. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The king financed dowries for each girl. Now, only some people over the age of 80 can speak Spanish in these communities. Landry (British origin), signifies a powerful landlord. Surname Rank* . Creole culture shows syncretism in areas such as folk Catholicism (home altars, voodoo, and traiteurs, or "traditional healers"), language use (French Creole), music/dance (New Orleans jazz and zydeco), the festival observed (Mardi Gras), and foodways (congris, jambalaya, gumbo). Alternative Names Indianapolis has a lot to offer for young black professionals, singles, and black families. [46] One Creole of color, Francis E. Dumas, emancipated his slaves and organized them into a company in the Second Regiment of the Federal Louisiana Native Guards. They introduced having buttered French bread as a side to eating gumbo, as well as a side of German-style potato salad. However, some concessions were made to fleeing St. Dominican refugees, especially after the 1804 Haiti Massacre. In some cases, well-known female ancestors receive special attention. Forebears knows about 53,529 unique surnames in Haiti and there are 198 people per name. Louisiana Creoles share cultural ties such as the traditional use of the French, Spanish, and Creole languages[note 1] and predominant practice of Catholicism. Still, in the first half of twentieth century, most of the people of Saint Bernard and Galveztown spoke the Spanish language with the Canarian Spanish dialect (the ancestors of these Creoles were from the Canary Islands) of the 18th century, but the government of Louisiana imposed the use of English in these communities, especially in the schools (e.g. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. For example, around 80 Creoles of color were recruited into the militia that participated in the Battle of Baton Rouge in 1779. Extensive work on Creole Kinship has not been done except for historical genealogical studies. Even so, in the total general population, Williams ranks as the third most common last name overall. The United States has the most Marshalls. At one point, many white Louisiana Creoles vacated the identity, as being LC became known as being a 'Negro . Later, Louisiana Creoles, such as the 20th-century Chnier brothers, Andrus Espree (Beau Jocque), Rosie Ldet and others began incorporating a more bluesy sound and added a new linguistic element to zydeco music: English. In the twentieth century, the gens de couleur libres in Louisiana became increasingly associated with the term Creole, in part because Anglo-Americans struggled with the idea of an ethno-cultural identity not founded in race. [32] Officials in Cuba deported many of the St. Dominican refugees in retaliation for Bonapartist schemes in Spain. Kin Groups and Descent. The last name Jones ranked 4th in the 2010 and ranks 5th overall when considering the entire black population. Post-World War II migrants fleeing racial discrimination and seeking Economic opportunity also established major Creole populations in the Los Angeles and San Francisco areas. The early population dominance of Africans from the Senegal River basin included Senegalese, Bambara, Fon, Mandinka, and Gambian Peoples. Take us with you, any place you want to go; we will follow you anywhere. Although shotgun houses are often associated with plantation quarters, they have frequently been gentrified in construction for middle-class Creoles and others by being widened, elevated, trimmed with Victorian gingerbread, and otherwise made fancier than the unpainted board-and-batten shacks of slaves and sharecroppers. Judging from the identification of Black population in these parishes, probably one-third of the French speakers are Black Creoles. Up. Still another class of Creole originates with the placage system in which white and creole men took on mixed-race mistresses in a . On est plus que a", "What's the difference between Cajun and Creoleor is there one? These locally based institutions emphasize spirit possession and ecstatic behavior as part of their service, and unlike such churches elsewhere, they utilize a wide range of Catholic saints and syncretic altars for power figures like Martin Luther King, Jr., St. Michael the Archangel, and Chief Blackhawk. 12. 17. The word zydeco (les haricots ) literally translates from Creole as "snapbeans." 4,964,135. Red beans and rice is a dish of Louisiana and Caribbean influence, originating in New Orleans. Christoph (Anglo-Saxon origin), meaning "bearer of Christ". For example, in 1721, the ship La Baleine brought close to 90 women of childbearing age from the prison of La Salptrire in Paris to Louisiana. These cottage dwellings combine Norman influences in roofline and sometimes historic construction with half-timbering and bousillage (mud and moss plastering), with Caribbean Influences seen in porches, upturned lower rooflines (false galleries), louvered doors and windows, and elevated construction. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/black-creoles-louisiana, "Black Creoles of Louisiana French settlers frequently took Native American women as their wives (see Marriage ' la faon du pays'), and as slaves began to be imported into the colony, settlers also took African wives. Religious Practitioners. Some slaves had no last names. The last name Jackson definitely isnt as popular as the other names weve previously mentioned. Others had last names that were given to them by their owners. As of 2013, the parish was once again recognized by the March 2013 Regular Session of the Louisiana Legislature as part of the Creole Parishes, with the passage of SR No. Recently, official ethnic organizations and events have emerged, such as Creole Inc. and the Louisiana Zydeco Festival. After the Purchase, many Anglo-Americans migrated to Louisiana. Still another class of Creole originates with the placage system in which white and creole men took on mixed-race mistresses in a lifelong arrangement, even if the men were married or married later. Black Last Names: 80 Popular & Common African American, African, & Caribbean Surnames Listed, 5 Best Boston Neighborhoods For Black Singles, Young Professionals & Families Massachusetts, 5 Best Chicago Neighborhoods for Black Singles, Young Professionals, & Families Illinois, 5 Best Indianapolis Neighborhoods for Young Black Professionals, Singles & Black Families Indiana, 37 Kids Books to Aid Talks on Race and Racism, 5 Top Carson City Neighborhoods For Black Families, Singles & Young Professionals, 5 Top St. Paul Neighborhoods For Black Families, Singles & Young Professionals. The lowest ranking name on this list, it comes in #30 for the entire population of African-Americans and Caribbean people. As a result of the internal cultural diversity and overlapping boundaries of group affiliation that characterize southern Louisiana society as a whole, Creole ethnic identity is particularly fluid and situation-derived. Creole family names of this region are: Auzenne, Barbin, Beridon, Beaudoin, Biagas, Bonton, Bordelon, Boutte, Broussard, Carriere, Chargois, DeBellevue, DeCuir, Deshotels, Dufour, DuCote, Esprit, Fontenot, Fuselier, Gaspard, Gauthier, Goudeau, Greenhouse, Gremillion,Guillory, Lamartiniere, Lemelle, Lemoine, LeRoux, Mayeux, Mouton, Moten, Muellon, Normand, Perrie, Rabalais, Ravarre, Saucier, Sylvan, Tounouir and Tyler. Haitian last names are mainly derived from French, with some Latin influence and a number of imports from other countries, especially Spanish- and English-speaking countries. By the end of the 18th century, many Creoles of color were educated and tended to work in artisan or skilled trades; a relatively high number were property owners. Today's Zydeco often incorporates a blend of swamp pop, blues, and/or jazz as well as "Cajun Music" (originally called Old Louisiana French Music). Spitzer, Nicholas R. (1984). Barlowe (bahr-loh) Identification. [25], When St. Dominican refugees arrived with slaves, they often followed the old Creole custom, libert des savanes (savannah liberty), where the owner allowed their slaves to be free to find work at their own convenience in exchange for a flat weekly or monthly rate. Search 31 million family names. Rank Surname Incidence Frequency; 1: Jean . [76] The language and music is widely spoken there; the 5th ward of Houston was originally called Frenchtown due to that reason. Zydeco is the music of Black Creoles in southwestern Louisiana. [CDATA[ It is a synthesis of Cajun tunes, African-American blues, and Caribbean rhythms. The adoption of "Cajun" by the residents of this parish reflects both the popular commerce as well as media conditioning, since this northwestern region of the French-speaking triangle was never part of the Acadian settlement region of the Spanish period.[83]. Languages Spoken at Home by Persons 5 Years and Over, by State: 1990 Census", "Cane River Creole Community-A Driving Tour", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Quadroons for Beginners: Discussing the Suppressed and Sexualized History of Free Women of Color with Author Emily Clark, I Am What I Say I Am: Racial and Cultural Identity among Creoles of Color in New Orleans, Cast From Their Ancestral Home, Creoles Worry About Culture's Future, Nsula.edu: Louisiana Creole Heritage Center website, Cajun | American ethnic group | Britannica, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisiana_Creole_people&oldid=1142215161, Gelpi Jr, Paul D. "Mr. Jefferson's Creoles: The Battalion d'Orlans and the Americanization of Creole Louisiana, 18031815. Senegalese Such categorization has often been a source of conflict in Creole communities with their less dichotomized, more fluid Caribbean notion of race and culture. Attacks by Native Americans represented a real threat to the groups of isolated colonists. When it comes to surnames, there are some that are very clearly unique, but then there are others that you could probably attribute to 2 or 3 people that you know. Most importantly, Louisiana French and Louisiana Creole remained the languages of the majority of the population of the state, leaving English and Spanish as minority languages. In either case, the name would probably be one from the British Isles. But most of the time, the relationship was based on dialogue and negotiation. For a sense of the scope of Haitian surnames, read through the list below. Moreover, French villages and forts were not always sufficient to protect from enemy offensives. Linguistic Affiliation. If youre scratching your head for some people whose last name is Williams, theres Venus and Serena Williams, Vanessa Williams, Michelle Williams, Pharrell Williams, and more. In addition, upper-class French Creoles thought that many of the arriving Americans were uncouth, especially the rough Kentucky boatmen (Kaintucks) who regularly visited the city, having maneuvered flatboats down the Mississippi River filled with goods for market. While some Creoles run grocery and sundries stores, most people outside New Orleans neighborhoods or rural Creole settlements are not merchants. Depending upon which island in this twinisland state is being discussed, the culture name is "Trinidadian" or "Tobagonian." Some of these "Creoles of color," as they were also sometimes called, owned slaves themselves and had their children educated in Europe. "The African Presence in Colonial Louisiana." Creole communities are found in downtown New Orleans neighborhoods; the plantation regions along the Mississippi River to the north and inland bayous, particularly Bayou Teche in Iberia, St. Martin, and St. Landry parishes; and the prairie region of southwest Louisiana, especially including Lafayette, St. Landry, Evangeline, and Calcasieu parishes. It is represented in Slave Songs of the United States, first published in 1867. Over time its meaning extended to all people and things of Domestic rather than foreign origin. (This practice was similar to events in 17th-century Quebec: about 800 filles du roi (daughters of the king) were recruited to immigrate to New France under the monetary sponsorship of Louis XIV.). Blaise evolved from the Latin name blaesus, meaning lisping or stammering. Starting with aromatic seasonings, the French used onions and celery as in a traditional mirepoix, but lacked carrots, so they substituted green bell peppers. Generally you will find English names like Indian Village, Vincent's Landing, Persimmon Slough (Creek), Madden Creek, The Vale Hill, Muddy Bayou, Coon Gully and Driskill Mountain throughout the. There was also a sizable German Creole group of full German descent, which centered on the parishes of St. Charles and St. John the Baptist. White by Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana. Table of Contents. Parish sheriffs and large landowners wield much political power. POPULATION: 8,924,553 Raphael - (Hebrew, English origin) - A form of the name Ralph, meaning healed by God. Thus, parishes rather than counties exist, with police juries as consular boards. Isle Brevelle, the area of land between Cane River and Bayou Brevelle, encompasses approximately 18,000 acres (73km2) of land, 16,000 acres of which are still owned by descendants of the original Creole families. One hopes [Latins], and the other doubts [Anglos]. Most versions contain smoked sausage, more commonly used instead of ham in modern versions. We cant forget other famous celebrities like Samuel L. Jackson, Jesse Jackson, and Randy Jackson. New France wished to make Native Americans subjects of the king and good Christians, but the distance from Metropolitan France and the sparseness of French settlement prevented this. While there is Beverly Johnson and Magic Johnson, we bet you didnt know that Whoopi Goldbergs real name is Caryn Elaine Johnson. [3] The Creole civil rights activist Rodolphe Desdunes explained the difference between Creoles and Anglo-Americans, concerning the widespread belief in racialism by the latter, as follows: The groups (Latin and Anglo New Orleanians) had "two different schools of politics [and differed] radically in aspiration and method. Today, the old association of "Creole" with strictly European populations of the ancien rgime is vestigialthough clung to by some Whites. Most Common Last Names In Haiti. Urban Creoles and town dwellers have a long association in the skilled crafts. Inability to find labor was the most pressing issue in Louisiana. Some newly freed Black folks who could read chose unique names they . Evangeline Parish was formed out of the northwestern part of St. Landry Parish in 1910, and is therefore, a former part of the old Poste des Opelousas territory. According to the historian Paul Lachance, "the addition of white immigrants to the white creole population enabled French-speakers to remain a majority of the white population [in New Orleans] until almost 1830. So youre thinking of moving to the most livable city in America? St. Paul has a lot to offer its residents, from the rural spots and suburbs to urban neighborhoods. Also called Gombo and couri-veni (for "to go"/"to come" in contrast to aller and venir of standard and dialectical French), various forms of French Creole originated from Contact pidgin language in the slave/plantation spheres of West Africa and the New World. Another instrument used in both Zydeco and Cajun music since the 1800s is the accordion. Anouilh. (February 22, 2023). The languages that are spoken are Louisiana French and English. Realizing that he needed local support, Claiborne restored French as an official language. Saint Bernard) where if a teacher heard children speaking Spanish she would fine them and punish them. In New Orleans, these "free people of color" were part of the larger Creole (that is, not American) social order in a range of class settings from French slaves, laborers, and craftsmen to mercantilists and planters. Unlike Haiti, Louisiana Black Catholics have remained more connected to official church practices; thus African retentions are less marked. The final seven songs in that work are printed with melody along with text in Louisiana Creole. Every ten years, theres a U.S. Census and we can use this information to figure out just how many people have the same last name. However, the date of retrieval is often important. It is one of the famous dishes in Louisiana, and is associated with "washday Monday". It is one room wide and two or more rooms long. Smith - You've got to have heard of Smith. Later came Guinean, Yoruba, Igbo, and Angolan Peoples. A true Louisianian will run it all together: Howsyamommaanem? This area is known for the False River; the parish seat is New Roads, and villages including Morganza are located off the river. Most of the women quickly found husbands among the male residents of the colony. In 1938, in Sunseri v. Cassagnethe Louisiana Supreme Court proclaimed traceability of African ancestry to be the only requirement for definition of colored. Early Louisiana census reports used racial terms like multre and fmc (free man of color) to indicate Black Creoles, but modern population studies do not specifically identify Black Creoles. January 24, 2022. Most of the youth of Saint Bernard can only speak English.[2]. In the final week of Carnival, many events large and small occur throughout New Orleans and surrounding communities. whose name is Clifford Harris Jr. Rounding out this top 10 list, we have Robinson. Remember me. Land Tenure. It can also refer to the Creole people of Louisiana who live in the parishes just west and northwest of Baton Rouge and, of course, in and around New Orleans. [29], Spanish Louisiana's multiracial Creole descendants, which included affranchis (ex-slaves), free-born blacks, and mixed-race people, known as Creoles of color (gens de couleur libres), were strongly influenced by French Catholic culture. Places; Login. Gombo is the Louisiana French word for okra, which is derived from a shortened version of the Bantu words kilogomb or kigamb, also guingamb or quinbomb. Cajuns Whether you are a young, Read More 5 Best Indianapolis Neighborhoods for Young Black Professionals, Singles & Black Families IndianaContinue, At some point, many parents decide to talk to their children about race or racism. Later the regional French evolved to contain local phrases and slang terms. Since the late 17th century, children in the colonies took the status of their mothers at birth; therefore, all children of enslaved mothers were born into slavery, regardless of the race or status of their fathers. As an ethnic group, their ancestry is mainly of Louisiana French, West African, Spanish and Native American origin. According to Virginia R. Domnguez: Charles Gayarr and Alce Fortier led the outspoken though desperate defense of the Creole. The local authorities of New France (governors, officers) did not have the human resources to establish French law and customs, and instead often compromised with the Indians. [58] Documentaries such as Nathan Rabalais' Finding Cajun examine the intersection and impact of Creole culture on what is commonly described as Cajun,[59] likewise questioning the validity of recent racialization. [30], Throughout the Spanish period, most Creoles continued to speak French and remained strongly connected to French colonial culture. Chickens, ducks, pigs, cattle, and goats are found in plantation regions and prairie farmsteads. This parish is known to be uniquely Creole; today a large portion of the nearly 22,000 residents can trace Creole ancestry. Beyond the official dogma and structures of the Catholic church, a wide range of folk religious practices has flourished, drawing upon African influences, medieval Catholicism, African-American belief and ritual systems, and Native American medicinal and belief systems. The word may have African root forms, but in Louisiana folk etymology it is attributed to the proverbial phrase les haricots sont pas sales ("no salt in the beans") referring to hard times when no salt meat was available. The rebellion, which occurred November 7, 1841, in waters 130 miles northeast of the coast of Abacos, Bahamas, succeeded because its organizers knew they had a chance at freedom if they could seize. Demography. Choose the best name for your child. Jean Pierre Chouteau (1758-1849) - fur trader, merchant, politician and slaveholder. According to the 2010 census, they came across hundreds of thousands of Jacksons that it brought the name up to #6 for the decade. Johnson - There are almost 2 million black people with this last name. When Claiborne made English the official language of the territory, the French Creoles of New Orleans were outraged, and reportedly paraded in protest in the streets. Search 31 million family names. In the early 19th century, floods of St. Dominican refugees fled from Saint-Domingue and poured into New Orleans, nearly tripling the city's population. It developed from French colonists trying to make bouillabaisse with New World ingredients. The Free Negro in Ante-Bellum Louisiana. Thankfully, there are many books to aid, Read More 37 Kids Books to Aid Talks on Race and RacismContinue, Today were going to look at the best black neighborhoods for black families, young professionals, and black singles. Encyclopedia.com. In rural French Louisiana, Creoles have historically been farmers and itinerant agricultural laborers raising sugar cane, rice, sweet potatoes, and, more recently, soybeans. Whites classified society into whites and blacks (the latter associated strongly with slaves). A much larger number of English-dominant speakers affiliate ethnically as Black Creole in Louisiana, Texas, and California. It is often considered the Creole music of Louisiana. Creoles also hold an array of mainstream jobs, such as teaching, law enforcement, medicine, and so on. The Mardi Gras Indians associate under names like Creole Wild West, White Eagles, or Yellow Pocahontas. They were discovered on the levee in tattered uniforms by a wealthy Creole planter, "Grand Louis' Fontenot of St. Landry (and what is now, Evangeline Parish), a descendant of one Jean Louis Fonteneau, one of Governor Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville's French officers from Fort Toulouse, in what is now the State of Alabama.
Isometric Chest Squeeze Dumbbell,
Tony Highler Obituary,
Craigslist Boston Cars For Sale By Owner,
Springfield Saint Vs Ruger 556,
Where Can I Cash A Lottery Ticket In Mass,
Articles B