(This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. In Europe west of the Black Sea, Haplogroup G is found at about 5% of the population on average throughout most of the continent. Although not exceeding 3% frequency overall, haplogroup G1-M285 reflects a branching event that is phylogenetically equivalent to the more widespread companion G2-P287 branch in the sense that both branches coalesce directly to the root of G-M201. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME et al. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 236250. [Origin of European 3/6] First Farmer of Europe and Y-DNA Haplogroup G Nonetheless, coalescent times provide a valuable/informative relative metric for estimating the time of lineage formation. [25], In the Middle East, haplogroup G accounts for about 3% of the population in almost all areas. While it is found in percentages higher than 10% among the Bakhtiari, Talysh people, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Iranian Azeris, it is closer to 5% among the Iranian Arabs and in some large cities. While neither knowledge of paleo-climate, archeology or genetic evidence from a single locus using modern populations provides an unimpeachable microcosm of pre-historical expansions, considering them together cautiously provides a contextual framework for discussion. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. Its members include "tzi",[citation needed] the so-called Iceman, who died at least 5,000 years BP in the European Alps. Specifications for most markers have been previously reported,1, 17, 28 ISOGG 2011 (http://www.isogg.org/tree/). This is likely due to a local founder effect.[40]. Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. The genetic variation in the R1a clade among the Ashkenazi - Nature If a sample meets the criteria indicated for these three markers, it is likely the sample is G2a2b1. Science 2000; 290: 11551159. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. The highest reported concentration of G1 and its subclades in a single country is in Iran, with next most frequent concentrations in neighboring countries to the west. So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at STR marker DYS392. [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. G-L13/S13 (Y-DNA) - geni family tree Gene pool structure of Eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. Y-DNA haplogroups are useful to determine whether two apparently unrelated individuals sharing the same surname do indeed descend from a common ancestor in a not too distant past (3 to 20 generations). Included within G-L91 are some men with double values for STR marker DYS19, but there are also G2a2 men with this finding who are not L91+. The fragments were run on the ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic. Iceman tzi, known to have been a haplogr. The next largest subclade of G-P303 is characterized by the presence of the U1 mutation. Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. 25 and 0.00069 denote the assumed average generation time in years and the effective mutation rate, respectively, and 1000 is used to convert the result of the equation (into thousands of years). Semino et al. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15: 485493. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17: 820830. Similarly, G-P16 and G-M377 networks were created using 104 P16-derived 19-locus haplotypes and 61G-M377-derived 9-locus haplotypes, with both groups representing European, Near/Middle Eastern and central/west Asian populations. Furthermore, the U1-specific sub-clade M527 is most pronounced among Ukrainians and Anatolian Greeks. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). Origin. Y-STR haplotypes were used to construct phylogenetic networks for haplogroups G-P303, G-P16 and G-M377, using the program Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering, Suffolk, England, UK) and applying the median-joining algorithm. Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y Almost all L141 men belong to L141 subclades. PLoS One 2011; 6: e17548. For this are several indications. Distribution. Spatial frequency maps for sub-clades (panels bf) were obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc.), following the kriging algorithm with option to use bodies of water as breaklines. The mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 10595022 and is a change from G to C. G-L30 (also G-PF3267, G-S126 or G-U8; G2a2b, previously G2a3) Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. L1771.1/ L177_1, L1771.2/L177_2, L177.3/L177_3) was withdrawn as an identifier by ISOGG in 2013, after it was "found to be an unreliable palindromic snp". These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). In the Greek island of Crete, approximately 7%[18] to 11%[19] of males belong to haplogroup G. It is provided at the request of readers. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. [23] About 6% of the samples from Sri Lanka and Malaysia were reported as haplogroup G, but none were found in the other coastal lands of the Indian Ocean or Pacific Ocean in Asia. It is a child of haplogroup M12'G. It was likely born in the East Asia around 32,000 years ago. Haplogroup G2a2b is a rare group today in Europe. AAL thanks the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation. Haplogroup Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com The non-clustering paraphyletic, hg G sub-group P303* residuals consist of samples from Near/Middle Eastern, Caucasian and European populations. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. Haplogroup G-M201 - Wikipedia The naming of sub-clades is according to YCC nomenclature principles. The authors of the Spanish study indicated that the Avellaner men had rare marker values in testing of their short tandem repeat (STR) markers. The SNP L497 encompasses these men, but most G-L497 men belong to its subclade G-Z725, also known as G-DYS388=13. The following SNPs are so far identified as M201 equivalents: L116, L154, L269, L294, L240, P257, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, Page 94, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23 and U33. The phylogeny obtained for haplogroup Q-M378 comprising 5.2% of the Ashkenazi paternal variation 24, shows a similar pattern to that observed for haplogroup G-M377 (Supplemental Figure S5). Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau. Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. Using Y-STR data, the Td expansion time for all combined P15-affiliated chromosomes was estimated to be 150822217 years ago. The second common hg G lineage in the Caucasus is U1, which has its highest frequencies in the South (22.8% in Abkhazians) and NW Caucasus (about 39.7% in Adyghe and 36.5% in Cherkessians), but also reaches the Near/Middle East with the highest frequency in Palestinians (16.7%) and, shows extremely low frequency in Eastern Europe. Haplogroup G-P303 - Wikipedia G2a2b2a is also found in India. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80: 759768. In contrast to G1, the absolute majority of hg G samples belonged to G2-P287-related sub-clades, with the vast majority of them being associated with G2a-P15-related lineages. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. Correspondence to [citation needed] Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. The phylogenetic relationships of the various sub-haplogroups investigated are shown in Figure 1. Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). Considering these issues, we acknowledge that the variance of the age estimates may be underestimated. These Neolithic European were descendants of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, among some of the earliest peoples in the world to practice agriculture. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Until 2008, new G SNPs were reported from labs at the University of Arizona (P designations), Stanford University (M designations) or the University of Central Florida (U designations). This group was created for the folks who's paternal Y-DNA reflects they belong to haplogroup G2a (G-P15). Taken as a collective group, P303-derived chromosomes are the most widespread of all hg G lineages (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 2b) and clearly display differential geographic partitioning between L497 (Figure 2c) and U1 (xM527) (Figure 2d). Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) - Origins - LiquiSearch
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